Glass Reactor
By using additional glass gears, such as feeding vessels, refining strips, and condensers, as the necessary devices, WKIE Lab produced the best glass reactors.
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Wkie Lab Glass Reactor For Purchase
Glass reactors are used in carrying out chemical reactions. By using additional glass gears, such as feeding vessels, refining strips, and condensers, as the necessary devices, WKIE Lab produced the best glass reactors.
Besides, this gear is assembled away from the standard components: you can adjust it effectively and instantly for any task. Also, the use of standardized stock components provides quick access.
With a hot liquid, we can heat and cool the glass reactors of up to 100 liters and reactors with immersion heaters of up to 200 liters. For robust response control, reliable mixing and repeatable heat movement are as essential as tight activity towards the environment. The procedure provides different requirements in this regard to complete different types of agitation tools and mechanical agitator motors to meet these diverse needs.
Furthermore, you can combine the glass reactors with gears for unit activities such as distillation, filtration, extraction, absorption, concentration, both for the discontinuous reactor, the semi-continuous reactor, and the continuous reactor.
Most glass reactors allow direct recognition of mixing activity, shading changes, or changes in condition at elevated temperatures and weights of up to 225 ° C and 150 lb (10 bar). These reactors are designed for fixing by o-rings and split ring ends and are suitable for interrupting consumption.
Glass reactors are designed for the response manufactured to different types of materials at controlled temperatures and under vacuum conditions. Each reactor highlights flexible mixing speeds and a stable feed channel that allows you to add elements to the vessel at a uniform and controlled rate. The inherent condenser makes it reasonable to recover some materials, as well as at a controlled speed.
The Principal of Jacketed Glass Reactor
Jacketed glass reactor is one of the important types of glass reactors. It is a compartment designed to control the temperature of its material, using a cooling or heating “shell” around the reactor through which a refrigerant or heating fluid circulates. The housing can allow a uniform heating trade between the circulating fluid and the vessel joints.
There are several notable jacket reactors, which include: dimple jacket, paint rings, medium pipe curl jacket, and conventional jacket. These jackets have their highlights. As a type of chemical reactor, an encapsulated one is generally used to eliminate the high heat of the response or to reduce the thickness of highly viscous liquids. Especially, cooling jackets have a vital function.
The chemical response releases heat, and this energy causes the material to overheat in the reactor; For this reason, the feed continues to become a faster element and releases more heat. The cooling jacket can stop progressively upwards to increase the humming temperatures. That will result in doubling the response rate that results in increased heating. The cooling fluids flow through the housing, collecting thermal energy from outside the reactor.
The reactor jacket has different useful ports that allow users to perform various purposes. The purposes include adding materials to the reactor at a set speed, measuring the temperature of the materials, adding dust or solids to the reactor, and recovering refined materials. The jacket is fully customizable according to customer requirements.
The jacketed reactor has several advantages. For example, we are giving a higher amount of flow in general because the weight is reduced through a lower area than if the entire deck is a separate zone, and the ability to direct the flow to specific parts of the housing.
With everything in mind, the jacketed reactor can be widely used in fields such as food, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, color, and various institutions. If you buy one, you can discover more and more useful data on the web these days.
| Model | S212-10L | S212-20L | S212-30L | S212-50L | S212-80L | S212-100L | S212-150L |
| Power | 220V or 110V/50-60Hz | 220V or 110V/50-60Hz | 220V or 110V/50-60Hz | 220V or 110V/50-60Hz | 220V or 110V/50-60Hz | 220V or 110V/50-60Hz | 220V or 110V/50-60Hz |
| Volume | 10L | 20L | 30L | 50L | 80L | 100L | 150L |
| Jacket Volume | 6L | 8L | 10L | 12L | 16L | 18L | 23L |
| Discharge | PTEE(Teflon) bottom discharge valve | PTEE(Teflon) bottom discharge valve | PTEE(Teflon) bottom discharge valve | PTEE(Teflon) bottom discharge valve | PTEE(Teflon) bottom discharge valve | PTEE(Teflon) bottom discharge valve | PTEE(Teflon) bottom discharge valve |
| Stirring Speed(rpm) | 0-450rpm | 0-450rpm | 0-450rpm | 0-450rpm | 0-450rpm | 0-450rpm | 0-450rpm |
| Stirring Power | 90W | 90W | 120W | 120W | 120W | 200W | 750W |
| Agitator | Anchor design,304 stainless steel coated with reinforced PTEE Agitor material can be customized as client’ requirement | Anchor design,304 stainless steel coated with reinforced PTEE Agitor material can be customized as client’ requirement | Anchor design,304 stainless steel coated with reinforced PTEE Agitor material can be customized as client’ requirement | Anchor design,304 stainless steel coated with reinforced PTEE Agitor material can be customized as client’ requirement | Anchor design,304 stainless steel coated with reinforced PTEE Agitor material can be customized as client’ requirement | Anchor design,304 stainless steel coated with reinforced PTEE Agitor material can be customized as client’ requirement | Anchor design,304 stainless steel coated with reinforced PTEE Agitor material can be customized as client’ requirement |
| Funnel | Pressure equalizing | Pressure equalizing | Pressure equalizing | Pressure equalizing | Pressure equalizing | Pressure equalizing | Pressure equalizing |
| Number of Necks | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
The Advantages and Disadvantages of Glass Reactors
The glass reactors are widely applied in the chemical world, laboratory study, metallurgical industry, and pharmaceutical industry. In short, glass reactors play a crucial role in many industries. In addition to the above, the chemical batch glass reactors are also viral in the market.
The Advantages of Glass Reactors
- The glass reactor can withstand corrosion from all types of chemicals.
- Glass gives better visibility for all types of reactions
- Glass is available for testing and reacting many chemicals
- In terms of weight, glass reactors are a bit light.
The Disadvantages of Glass Reactors
- Some glass reactors may react with some glass reactors
- Other glass reactors are relatively expensive
- The production process is somehow tedious.
- Some glass reactors may be delicate and may crack.
The Types of Glass Reactor
There are many glass reactors, and many people don’t know anything about them.
Here are some types of glass reactors to consider:
1. Jacketed Glass Reactor
People designed jacketed glass reactors for the engineering reaction of different types of materials in a vacuum and temperature-controlled environment. Each reactor of WKIE Lab features customizable stirring speeds and a stable pressure feed tube that allows you to add elements to the reactor at a uniform and controlled rate. And also, the implicit condenser makes it reasonable to recover some materials, as well as a controlled speed.
Most jacketed glass reactors are famous for their visualization, accuracy, and utility. These are in tune with the global value models and, therefore, are widely necessary.
WKIE Lab continually works to improve the nature of jacketed glass reactor products. And we have confidence in the continuous expansion of innovation. We confirm whether the products can meet the customer’s customization needs or not. From now on, our excellent products and the right transportation and cost-effective departments have gathered our rich customer base.
The manufacturer of jacketed glass reactors, WKIE Lab, has much experience in shipping laboratory instruments. Our jacketed glass reactor products have been sold worldwide. Our distributors of jacketed glass reactors are efficient enough to gain their trust.
2. Single-layer Glass Reactor
The single-layer glass reactor belongs to the multifunctional single layer glass reactor. The reactor is generally used in chemical industries. The product can be used with a running water vacuum siphon, or it can be used in experimental production.
It is carried out through an oil bath reactor at a constant high temperature or a low-temperature heat solution or a refrigerant to heat or cool the material in the reactor and may add stirring. The tool can process the vacuum stirring reaction and control the dissipation of the reflux solution. Single-layer glass reactors of the WKIE LAB adapt to sophisticated national and international innovations and drive the latest multipurpose products. Valuable and excellent in appearance, and reasonable, it is an ideal equipment to test the new current chemicals.
Besides, single-layer glass reactors have single and double division reactors and triple glass division reactors. The reactor can be pumped under negative pressure as specified in some test requirements. The static pressure channel or the change valve in the feed tank allows you to add materials to the container at a uniform and controlled speed. The condenser compensates for some distilled substances during the reaction. The liquid that circulates in the housing can be filled to heat or cool the material inside.
3. Double Layer Glass Reactor
A double glass reactor has a double glass structure. The inner layer has interactive menstruation that can make the mixing reaction. The intermediate layer with different sources of cold and heat can include solid-liquid, high-temperature water or oil heat to heat or cool in the reaction circuit. At a constant temperature, the mixing reaction can be carried out according to the requirements under climatic pressure or conditions. The result and distillation of the reaction solution should be possible. It is the leading team for the production of fine chemicals today, biological pharmacy, and synthesis of new materials.
The double-layer glass reactor is an adventurous product that combines the points of interest in residential and outdoor products. It based on the composition of double-layer glass. By placing a soluble reaction in the inner layer for a mobile response, people make double-layer glass reactors. This design helps in connecting several hot and cold sources to the intermediate layer for heating or periodic response cooling act. If you set a constant temperature, you can trigger a stirring reaction under normal or negative pressure in a well-closed glass reactor, as well as the direction and reaction solution.
Thus, the double-layer glass reactor is an ideal production and experimental test equipment for the design of fine chemicals, biopharmaceuticals, and synthesis of new materials.
4. Three-layer Glass Reactor
The three-layer glass reactor has an outer layer to maintain a solid vacuum state. It is successful in ensuring the temperature, saving reaction time, finally, make your tests more and more applicable. That can be achieved by placing the conditions of the internal regulator, in a confined glass reactor; you can use negative pressure or climatic conditions directed to the stirring reaction.
The three-layer glass reactor is a newly developed glass equipment. The limit of the intermediate layer is 13L. The length of the discharge valve is 450 mm. The temperature range is – 80-250 ℃. The degree of vacuum is 0.098Mpa. The rotation speed range of the agitation is 0-280 rpm. The stirring diameter is 12 mm. inside can do the heating or cooling cycle. The exterior can be used to clean it and maintain the heat or cooling temperature of the reactor.
When it is turned on, it can be agitated, and dissipation and reaction solution can be controlled. The material is then discharged from the discharge valve in the base after the reaction. The work is beneficial. It is an ideal equipment to analyze current chemical samples like biopharmaceutical and synthesis of new materials.
Batch Reactor vs. Continuous Flow Reactor
There are two kinds of reactors in chemical processing applications, batch reactors, and continuous flow reactors. For a long time, they all have their own application areas. Thus, in this part, we are going to compare both the batch and the continuous flow reactor systems.
Batch reactors
Batch reactors have been used for quite a long time without making any changes in their designs. However, some little improvements have been made, including some complex software automaton and the jacketed reactors.
This system works on a universal basic set up hence allowing for different operations to be undertaken without losing some materials or even redesigning some individual reactors in the universal batch vessel is also perfectly designed an entire reaction process.
Pros of the batch reactors:
- Versatility features hence, no need to break down the containment process.
- The system accommodates a wide range of applications, including food and pharmaceutical processes, among other uses.
- It does not require a redesigning process during the optimization stage.
Continuous flow reactors
The continuous flow reactors use advanced technology hence eliminating some of the challenges experienced with the traditional batch reactors. This thus results in more yields, lower manufacturing costs, and higher VTO.
Pros of the continuous flow reactors:
- Reduction in material usage hence translating to lower costs in material consumption.
- Advanced technologies allow for rapid screening of the reaction conditions.
- With this kind of a system, it is easy to compare the reactions as they occur and determine the efficiency of the entire reaction process.
You realize that both systems are favorable, but the continuous flow reactors seem to be more advantageous since they are more efficient and are not limited to some factors such as temperature, time, and type of reactants like the batch reactors. Its reliability in high productions also makes it a better option to consider. The traditional batch reactors, on the other hand, are preferred for the defined processes and saving on the fabrication costs.
The Sizes of Glass Reactors
There are different sizes and models of glass reactors on the market today. The vessels are used for different purposes and because of that, you must know the specification as well as the various sizes.
Here is the review of the five most common sizes in the market today.
1. 5L Glass Reactor
5L glass reactor is famous for its high-quality borosilicate glass material. It is strong and has the best physical and chemical attribute. With a low-speed booster motor, as well as high torque, 5L glass reactors will not spark and it is easy and simple to control. And also, the greatest thing about them is the smooth operation. It is durable. Moreover, the product comes with a PTFE discharge valve, and it does not take time before it is completely discharged. The product does not leak.
This product is important as they are available for different purposes. You require it for mixing, filtration as well as distillation. It is also good for different kinds of reactions. They are very useful in both the pharmaceutical and chemical industries.
Because there are different types of this kind of glasses in the market, we provide its customizing service. To heat or cool this, it could demand different kinds of liquid such as oil, water and so on. We can adjust it according to the types of materials it can react with.
5L glass reactor has some important features that make it unique. It does not come with an electric brush and rotates at a constant speed. And it can work continuously.
2. 10L Glass Reactor
10L glass reactor is another size and it is 10 liters in size. And there are different models and designs in the market to provide better accessibility. It is always upright and comes with a support frame. They are coated with different kinds of materials and the most prominent amongst them is aluminum. It comes with a superior support clamp. The implication of this is that it is easy to install and to remove the reactor.
These reactors in the 10-liter bottles can be used for different purposes. These are used in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries where they are used for different purposes such as membrane reactors, stirring reactors as well as high-pressure reactors and so on. Most importantly, they can be used for a temperature-controlled reactor. The glass contains the chemicals, and they are sealed. When you are looking for this kind of device you must look for the quality model that does not leak.
Moreover, when you want to open them, they should not be difficult to open. They have to be sealed so that they do not pose any health hazard to the users and the people around them. Because they are contained in the glass lining, it ensures that there is absolutely no kind of reaction and they are perfectly sealed.
3. 20L Glass Reactor
20L glass reactor is another glass reactor size, and the size is just 20 liters worth of chemical contents. The glass can be single jacked, and it can be double depending on the quality of chemicals inside the glass. Different kinds of reactors can be in such a glass. If the reactor has an outer jacket, it is good because it makes for circulation of that liquid within the specific liquid range, such as minus 80 degrees Celsius and 250 degrees Celsius.
In most of the cases, they are designed with GG-17 borosilicate glass material. The flask capacity can range from anything 5L. The rotary speed is one of the features to consider when you are making a choice, and the rotating speed has to be constant. In most cases, the average rotary rate ranges from 0 to 450RPM. It can be more than that. Moreover, you have to consider the temperature range within the glass as well as the power requirements. All these depend on the kind of chemicals inside the glass.
4. 50L Glass Reactor
50L glass reactor is another fantastic size on the market, and as usual, there are different models out there, and you can make your choice based on the type of chemical and what you want to achieve with that. If you in the pharmaceutical industry, you will know the importance of these reactors and why it is necessary you know the size and the scale of the reactor you want to use.
There are many purposes these reactors can be subjected to in the laboratory, such as membrane, stirring, high pressure as well as pressure control, and several other. It is necessary that when you mix these chemicals that you know the correct proportion, you are mixing, and that is why you must understand the size of the reactor you want to use.
Furthermore, you must store such reactors in the correct glass materials, and they have to be well preserved. In most of the cases, some canisters or corks are used to hold the chemicals in the reactors and to prevent them from escaping and leaking. If it leaks, it means that the potency could be affected. Moreover, some features of glass lining and this ensures that no reaction takes place.
5. 100L Glass Reactor
100 Liter glass reactor is one of the largest in the market. It comes in different designs, and the size indicates that it is for large scale purposes. They are available in different jacket sizes. Some are designed in a single jacket while others are in double jackets and so on.
It is easy to control the performance and to monitor it as well. Many people use it for different purposes, and the glass is perfect for synthesis reactions and extractions. The product has to be solvent resistant and must come with a stainless steel framework. They must be easy to handle and must be well protected as well so that it does not leak and does not break.
This model is widely used in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries. It is a heavy-duty product. Some of the models in the market are designed with PTFE stir rod. This is perfect because it makes for reliable and speedy operation. It does not make noise when it is in operation and comes with lockable casters to ensure that the content does not escape. If you want to engage in a heavy-duty operation, you can consider this size.
The Applications of Glass Reactor
1. Chemical Glass Reactor
A chemical reactor is an enclosed enclave where a chemical reaction takes place. This happens in different fields such as chemical engineering, industrial chemistry, pharmaceutical chemistry, and so on. Whether you use it in the engineering services or any other service, the aim of it is clear, and that is to enhance the net value for any reactor.
These can be combined or used separately as batch reactors or as continuous reactors and so on. It is possible that they can accommodate each other, and this makes them stronger and more solid than individually. In which case, they can result in catalysts or reagents, or they form inert materials. When this passes, they are form gases or fluids.
When these reactors are in the continuous process, they run in a steady-state, and when it is in the batch process, they operate in the transient state. Anytime it is brought into operation; it results in what is known as a temporary state and so on. This is because the key variables would continue to change with time.
2. Laboratory Glass Reactor
Most of the reactions that take place in the laboratories are carried out in glasses. Whether it is in the pharmaceutical or chemistry as well as in life science, they all use glasses, and the truth is that different kinds of glasses or metalware are used for this kind of reaction in various settings. These are available in different vessel sizes, and there is also the add on the component.
This is accompanied by the optimum instruments and other equipment that is necessary to monitor the process and achieve the desired results. This type of product used in the laboratory has some benefits. They are budget-friendly, and they are flexible as well. Moreover, it is pretty easier to upgrade this product to the automated system.
The glasses are better for laboratory settings because they are easy to use, and you can monitor the performance. However, one has to consider the quality of materials that are used in the manufacture of these glasses. It is necessary that they are strong and reliable and would be able to withstand the laboratory conditions. Because of that, it is common to see these glasses manufactured from Type 1- and first-class borosilicate materials.
The durability and reliability of such glasses are guaranteed once they are produced from this graded raw material. When looking for a glass to be used for this kind of purpose, there are certain things to consider. First is that it must satisfy all the ASTM specifications, especially E438, as well as for heat and chemical resistance.
Another thing that you have to consider is that they must provide a user-friendly support frame. Look for those with the open frames because they are easier to handle. The most important thing is to ensure that user accessibility is one hundred percent guaranteed.
3. Pharma Glass Reactor
This kind of reactor is developed for the pharmaceutical industry. There is a different type of glasses that are made for this kind of reactor. The most important thing is that they are strong and do not break easily. They can be designed with a steel reactor as well as a glass cover. The cover has to be solid enough such that even if it falls, it does not break easily. This kind of quality glass is recommended because of the apparent benefits. They are the best for the pharmaceutical industry because the issue of purity is essential in all their products.
Furthermore, glasses used in that industry must be able to optimize heat and ensure mass transfer. Most importantly, such glasses must be suitable for GMP uses, and so on.
Most of the glasses for this purpose must meet at least two stages, the reaction and the distillation stage, involved in the pharmaceutical industry. Within the reaction stage, it has to work under reflux. Because of that, it would be easier for the solvent to be distilled off. This should be neatly done during the concentration stage. These glasses are designed with the best quality borosilicate glass 3.3, 3009 glass line steel as well as PTFE.
There are different kinds of glasses used for the pharma reactor. It is necessary when you are making the choice that you choose the best. Look for glasses that are good for a compact layout. Furthermore, the headroom requirements must be reduced when you are looking for the best. This is good because it can suit even the limited available spaces out there. The modular constructions are also important, and there must be more room for expansion. Through that, it would be possible to accommodate any other function it can perform, such as special functions and so on.
4. Glass Bioreactor
This type of glass is designed for bioreactor projects. It can be used for different purposes. Usually, such glasses are unique, and it is developed after extensive research and development. Because of the wonderful design of such, they are easier to handle, and assembling them may not be difficult. Usually, this kind of glasses is developed to ensure total sterility of the process and to ensure there are no batches lost.
The vessels or glasses are manufactured with the highest quality. The aim is to facilitate performance, quick operation as well as feeding, aeration, and monitoring. Through that, it would be easy to enhance cell growth and expression. The glasses are also available in different volumes.
Whatever volume, it should be suitable for different things that you want to do with it. They are used for different kinds of cultures, such as fungi, yeast, as well as microbial. By design, there should be no complication, and it should be ready to use. Most importantly, it must be easy and straightforward to operate. Even if there is any learning curve before you use it, it must simple to learn and easy to use as well.
There are some of them designed with a semi-circular bottom stainless steel jacket, and they also appear with an inbuilt heat exchange method. This is recommended because they are great and conducive for control of temperature as well as cold and heat. Most importantly, it must be such that it can facilitate heat transfer very fast.
One thing to look out for when you are looking for the best of this product is the offsite magnetic drive glass. This is also known as a fermenter. It is necessary for low culture medium. For biological safety, this has a high requirement. In addition to that, it provides a long fermentation cycle.
5. Industrial Glass Reactors
Reactors are also meant for industries. Industrial glass reactors must not be below the industry requirements; otherwise, it would not be able to serve the purpose it is meant to address. Furthermore, it must stick to the required production capacity as well as rate expressions for the specific industry it is expected to serve. There are other parameters which are necessary which the glass reactor for industries must meet. Such other parameters that are necessary before you can make that choice include reaction heat as well as reaction rate and, most importantly, the reaction size.
Industrial reactors are used in different kinds of industries. In some instances, it may not be easy to differentiate it from chemical reactors because they are very much related. This type of reactor can occur in different phases, such as the liquid phase and the gaseous phase. If you want liquid phase reactions, different substances such as CSTRs and Semi batch reactors are often used for the purpose. Semi batch is similar to the batch reactor, and they share the same consequences. There is a benefit to this kind of reactor. The most important benefit is the issue of temperature control.
Moreover, it is beneficial when it comes to feeding rate regulation. If the side reactions are undesirable, it is easier to minimize that effect. This is also possible through the low concentration maintenance and so on.
Another good thing with this kind of reactor is that it is suitable for two-phase reactions. In this case, it is common for gas to bubble steadily through that liquid. If, on the other hand, that you want to increase the agitation, then you can opt for CSTR. These reactors are glass-lined, and they work well with high-quality glasses.
The Operating Specification of Glass Reactor
To operate a glass reactor, you must first learn how to use it. It is necessary that before you begin that process that the place of operation must be well ventilated to avoid any form of side effect.
Furthermore, there should not be any flame burning adjacent to the operation area. Ensure that you are one hundred percent safe to use the product.
When you order the product, the first thing you should do on arrival is to assemble and charge it. If it is necessary, you can discharge as well before you use it. Be sure that it is well assembled and that all the necessary accessories are also put in the proper place. If there is any internal pressure in the system, you have to open the manhole and vent the valve to ensure that any internal pressure is done away with. To do that, slide its nut as well as bolts and then slide it to one side.
Moreover, check to see whether it is cleaned according to the SOP. If there are materials in that reactor, you have to charge it. Different materials can be charged such as solid and liquid materials and you must determine where to charge and ensure that you charge correctly.
If you want to use the reactor for any operation, you must check to ensure that all the necessary accessories are put in place and that it is also in perfect condition for what you want to do with it.
When everything is in order, then you have to position it the correct way and ensure that the material for that operation is charged according to specifications. Tighten the bolt and ensure that it is stable. It is now to carry out the operation according to the requirement for that. Switch it on and begin to stir until it reaches what you want. After the operation, you can clean it.
Precautions of Using A Glass Reactor
Glass reactors have been in the market for years. The main component of the glass reactor is made of glass, which is very fragile. That means that it should be handled with caution during use. However, here are some precautions to take when using glass reactors.
1. Never keep any opening open when using a glass reactor.
Ventilation in the glass reactors is required to allow air to escape from the glass reactor when it is filled with liquid. If the vent does not open during filling, you run the risk of accumulating air pockets in the housing, resulting in poor performance and other potentially harmful problems. If you already have a glass reactor in production at your facility, following the appropriate logical precautions can ensure that your glass reactor operates safely for many years.
2. Close all access covers
Each time the access cover is left unattended, you run the risk of accidental closure, an event that could cause severe glass breakage and injure your employees. Also, leaving the passage in the open position increases the risk of damage to the glass reactor because the objects fall through the opening and affect the inner lining. Always keep the handle in a closed position when not in use and consider having Manway to avoid closing the lid.
3. Follow all precautions written on glass reactors.
Knowing these limitations is essential to use your glass reactor safely and efficiently. Design limits are stamped on the identification plate of each glass reactor and should not be operated to exceed those limits. It is also good to remember that the various accessories installed must be taken into account when determining the maximum pressure parameters and the operating temperature. If its limits are less than the limits of the glass reactor, the working ranges of the glass reactor will be restricted.
One thing that you should pay special attention to when operating your glass reactor is a thermal shock, which may cause some losses of security in the glass reactor. Thermal shock to the glass coating may occur when the recommended safe temperature difference is exceeded.
Filter all the content you put in the glass reactor
Filtering is vital because you want to make sure there are no foreign substances or large particles that can damage the glass. Any solid can affect the glass. Filtering the product helps create a homogeneous solution that does not contain particles that can break the glass.
